Impunity Watch: South America

Chavez Moves to Criminalize the Media and Establish a “Thought Police” State

By Mario A. Flores
Impunity Watch Reporter, South America

CARACAS, Venezuela – The Attorney General, Luisa Ortega Diaz, submitted the new Media Crimes Act to the National Assembly for approval today.

Ortega Diaz said that, “the Venezuelan state needs to regulate freedom of expression considering that the rights of all Venezuelans have limits.” Referring to freedom of expression, she added, “I require that such a right be restricted.”

Ortega Diaz went on to say that the state will not “limit” freedom of expression but “regulate it.” “There are no states where behavior is not regulated; freedom of expression is not being violated.”

The new piece of legislation is seen as Chavez’s latest attempt to rein in broadcasters he considers too critical of his regime. 

Venezuela’s National Press Association (CNP) warned that, if approved, the Media Crimes Act would have "terrible consequences” for everyone.

According to CNP’s press release, the bill would expose individuals to criminal penalties for making their opinions public. It would be an added tool Chavez’s regime could use to scare people and keep them silent.

“The law would increase the existing pressure against media that stray from the official line, it would promote persecution against newspapers and television stations and criminalize political dissent,” CNP says.
 
Among the specific acts criminalized by the proposed piece of legislation are acts or omissions that threaten social peace, the security and independence of the nation and the stability of state institutions.

In anticipation of the Attorney General’s presentation at the National Assembly today, Globovision, a privately-owned 24-hour news channel that has become a prime target of attack by the government, published a report of what it called “laws that will affect journalism in Venezuela” on its website.

The report said the government was studying proposals for as many as eight new laws or modifications of existing legislation. Among these were a reform of the Telecommunications Law, extending the Social Responsibility in Radio and Television Law to cable television stations, a proposed new law on the “exercise of journalism,” and an entirely new concept of “media crimes.”

The Executive Vice President of Globovision TV, Carlos Zuloaga, said at the Cato Institute, a Washington, D.C. think-tank, that the new law is dangerous because it is “too vague,” it “criminalizes expressions of opinion” and media executives could be prosecuted for broadcasting news that the government calls “false.”

Zuloaga added that under the proposed law, he could go to prison for up to four years for allowing his all-news channel to cover the developing story that Venezuela supplied the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrilla with weapons bought from Sweden, if Chavez says the claims are false.   

For more information, please see:

Globovision TV - Fiscal general: El Estado debe hacer frente “a nuevas formas de criminalidad" surgidas en los medios" – 30 July 2009

Latin American Herald Tribune - Chávez Seen Stepping Up Venezuela Media Clampdown - 29 July 2009

Globovision TV - CNP afirma que la Ley de Delitos Mediáticos "es el primer paso para la Policía del Pensamiento" - 30 July 2009

Watch Carlos Alberto Zuloaga, Executive Vice President of Globovision Televisión at the CATO Institute -  30 July 2009

 

Argentina's Presidential "Superpowers" Examined

By Don Anque
Impunity Watch Reporter, South America

SANTIAGO, Chile - Recently, Argentina's Constitutional Affairs Commission will begin a meetings to discuss the "superpowers" that the executive power holds. 

President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner pictured here. Photo by the Buenos Aires Herald. 

In 1993, the Pacto de Olivos or Olivos Pact reformed the Argentinan Constitution.  The reforms created a clearer system of checks and balances and allowed for an increase for presidential term from 6 to 4 years.  In 2006, the policies of the elected Argentinana President Néstor Kirchner's have expanded presidential powers.  Now, Néstor Kirchner's wife, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, is serving as the current president. 

Through in the tax reforms President Kirchner has practically controlled the power of nearly all of the provincial governors, historically the most effective counterweight to presidency power.  Aside from tax reforms, President Kirchner founded state-owned enterprises and re-nationalized private companies. This enables the president to control employment and prices. 

President Kirchner has also appointed a majority of the judges in the Supreme Court, which granted Kirchner an effective veto over lower-court nominations. On August 3 2009, the Argentinan Congress gave Kirchner authority to reallocate government spending as he sees fit.  

Today, Kirchner supporters advocate to obtain an extension to keep the privilege of "superpowers" for one more year.  Despite the legal authority to maintain executive "superpowers," Kirchner announced an proposed limit on presidential re-appropriation of funding.  The new restriction imposes a 5% limit on the redistribution of the country's budget.

For more information, please see:

Buenos Aires Herald – 'Moreno's use of 'superpowers' is illegal', Pinedo - 30 July 2009

Clarin – Con dudas, la oposición dice que el límite a los superpoderes es un avance - 29 July 2009

La Nacion – Proyecto para limitar los superpoderes - 30 July 2009

Leading Chilean Presidential Candidate Linked to Pinochet, Bank Fraud and the CIA

By Mario A. Flores
Impunity Watch Reporter, South America

SANTIAGO, Chile – Conservative Harvard-educated presidential candidate and billionaire Sen. Sebastian Piñera came under sharp attack last week when it was revealed that he allegedly used his family’s influence with the Pinochet regime to stay out of jail.

Monica Madariaga, a former minister of justice during Pinochet’s regime, accused Piñera of collaborating with the military regime and seeking special favors from it. She said that she intervened on Piñera’s behalf when he was accused of bank fraud in 1982 and helped quash a warrant for his arrest.

Madariaga admitted she effected “inappropriately” over the Judicial Branch during her time as head of the Ministry of Justice to help the then-fledging businessman escape jail time.

"It’s the only time, the only case where I have intervened inappropriately, because that was inappropriate in the judicial system,” Madariaga said. 
 
Piñera had been Banco de Talca’s general manager. The bank, which had enjoyed enormous success in the aftermath of Pinochet’s 1973 coup at a time when there was little oversight or regulation of Chile’s banking industry, collapsed in 1980 in the midst of a growing financial crisis.

During the bank’s subsequent liquidation process, investigators uncovered evidence that Piñera and others had created dozens of companies on paper. The fake businesses were awarded loans by Piñera’s bank, and then redirected the money back into the growing bank and employees’ pockets. 

The judge in charge of the Talca investigation ordered Piñera’s arrest, who fled and went into hiding.

Madariaga said she then called the judge investigating the bank case, Luis Correa Bulo, who agreed to lift the warrant for Piñera’s arrest. Correa Bulo has confirmed that Madariaga called him about Piñera.

Adding to the candidate’s woes, El Siglo, a weekly publication, reported that the CIA also helped Piñera escape prison in 1982. The publication obtained the information from a recently declassified CIA file on the senator.

El Siglo claims that the CIA file contains evidence that CIA operatives escorted Piñera from Chile during the twenty-four days he spent as a fugitive. El Siglo further claims that Piñera’s father had collaborated with the U.S. spy agency since 1965.

After months of legal battles, the Supreme Court finally acquitted Piñera, ruling that the “facts of the case do not have criminal characteristics.” 

Piñera has denied the accusations, saying that "I have never asked her for anything," referring to Madariaga. “In that case, which occurred almost 30 years ago, the Supreme Court unanimously pronounced my complete and absolute innocence,” he added.

If true, the revelations could be a serious blow to Piñera’s campaign. Recent polls suggest that although Piñera is leading, the margin is narrow.

The candidate has carefully built his image as a “new conservative,” distancing himself from traditional rightists and parties long associated with Pinochet. 

Recently, he told the Spanish press on a trip through Europe that he had always opposed the dictator’s regime. 

The government party coalition, which has been in power since Pinochet was removed from office, has been quick to question Piñera’s character and credibility.

For more information, please see:

El Mercurio - La Moneda refuerza ofensiva de Frei por dichos de Madariaga, y Piñera denuncia "campaña sucia" – 27 July 2009

El Mercurio de Valparaiso - Madariaga desata guerra de declaraciones - 27 July 2009

The Santiago Times – Ex Pinochet Minister Claims Piñera Escaped Jail Sentence With Her Help - 27 July 2009

Inside Costa Rica – CIA Connects Pinera to Pinochet - 25 July 2009

La Nacion - Ministra de Pinochet logró libertad de Piñera en los ‘80 - 24 July 2009

 

Guyananian Government Promotes Female Empowerment

By Don Anque
Impunity Watch Reporter, South America

GEORGETOWN, Guyana - Recently, Guyana's Ethnic Relations Commission targeted some 300 women in a series of workshops aimed at promoting the elimination of racial, social and religious discrimination in Guyana.  

According to an Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada report, at least one out of every three women in Guyana has reportedly been a victim of domestic violence. 

Guyana's President Bharrat Jagdeo, addressing the Indian Arrival Committee’s Mela earlier in May 2009, expressed concern over the number of cases of domestic violence and called for women to be “revered in the family and society.” He also commented that religious leaders have a much more important role to play since “it is not just about administering to the spiritual needs of people but also to the lifestyle needs.”

Although women constitute a significant proportion of the workforce in Guyana, there is no specific legal protection or law prohibiting discrimination in the workplace.  Despite the absence of laws, the Prevention of Discrimination Act of 1997 imposes an obligation on every employer to pay women and men equally.

The Guyananian government established a Women’s Affairs Bureau in the Ministry of Labour to monitor the legal rights of women and provide employment-related services and seminars on leadership and gender equity for women throughout the country. 

The government has further established the Indigenous Peoples’ Commission and the Women and Gender Equality Commission and has executed various activities and programmes under the auspices of the Guyana National Plan of Action for Women.  In the face of the pro-female government actions, many have noted that there is little access to education for girls outside the capital.

For more information, please see:

UNHCR - Guyana: Prevalence of domestic violence, availability of state protection, recourse and services available to victims – 8 October 2008

Kaieteur News - Guyana has no specific legal security for women in workplace – ITUC report – 14 July 2009

Stabroek News - ERC workshops target some 300 women – 27 July 2009

Brazil vows to send back UK waste

By Don Anque
Impunity Watch Reporter, South America

SAO PAULO, Brazil - Roberto Messias Franco, president of the Brazilian Institute of environment and Renewable Natural Resources, has angrily condemned the arrival of approximately 1,600 tons of hazardous waste from Britain in containers that were labeled as recyclable plastic.

One of the hazard waste containers pictured here. Photo by Al Jazeera. 

The Brazilian government will send 89 shipping containers of garbage, rotting and maggot-infested, back to Britain and has issued $419,000 in fines to the three Brazilian companies that imported it, the government said on Monday.  The waste  comprised of toilet seats, dirty diapers, used syringes and old TVs and computers. 

Brazil has fined the three companies that imported the waste, Stefenon Estrategia e Marketing, Bes Assessoria e Comercio Exterior and Alphatec.  The Brazilian government declared that the firms would have to pay to send it back.

The Brazilian government has said it will submit a formal complaint with the World Trade Organisation (WTO) over the exportation of illegal waste from the UK.  

Three men were arrested as part of the investigation into the shipping containers.  The complaint to the WTO will be based on the Basel Convention, which bans shipments of toxic waste from industrialised nations, Brazil's foreign ministry said in a statement.

Liz Parkes, head of waste and resource management of Brazil's Environment Agency, commented the arrests marked significant progress in the investigation.  

"The Environment Agency enforces the export of recyclable waste from England and Wales and will not hesitate to prosecute any company or individuals found to have breached the strict laws on the export of waste," Parkes declared. 

For more information, please see:

Al Jazeera - UK toxic waste found in Brazil – 24 July 2009

Reuters - Brazil prepares to return UK trash – 20 July 2009

The Guardian - Brazil to lodge complaint over UK toxic waste export – 24 July 2009

BBC News - UK waste prompts Brazil complaint – 24 July 2009

Ex Argentinean Police Wanted for Torture and Kidnapping Arrested in Spain

By Mario A. Flores
Impunity Watch Reporter, South America

BUENOS AIRES, Argentina – Spanish police arrested a former Argentinean federal cop wanted in Argentina for crimes against humanity.

Jorge Alberto Sosa, 72, faces eighteen counts of abduction and torture that took place between September 1975 and early 1977. The alleged crimes occurred while the fugitive was deputy chief of the federal police detachment in Patagonia, in southern Argentina.

The authorities said that Sosa was picked up in Carcaixent, a town in the Mediterranean province of Valencia where he and his family settled in 1992. 

The alleged torturer had first opened a flower shop and later a place to hold children’s celebration events.

To his neighbors in Carcaixent, Soza was simply a “charming Argentinean” who had settled down with his family in the community to live his age more comfortably.

No one suspected this “sociable gentleman” had left behind a dark past and was a fugitive of justice wanted on charges of kidnapping and torture of individuals accused of belonging to terrorist cells during the Argentinean dictatorship.

  Jose Alberto Sosa

The alleged crimes were committed during what has been dubbed as the military’s “dirty war,” which resulted in more than 22,000 systematic killings.

Sosa acquired Spanish nationality, but did not relinquish his Argentine citizenship, police in Valencia said. He has refused to be turned over to Argentinean law enforcement but Buenos Aires has already submitted a request for his extradition to the Spanish authorities. 

This is not the first time a fugitive from Argentina is found hiding in Valencia. Rodolfo Eduardo Almiron, another Argentinean police deputy chief was arrested in the area in 2006.

Almiron was one of the leaders of the Argentinean Anticommunist Alliance, a paramilitary group known as Triple A. The group’s death squads hunted down rebels and leftist politicians and were responsible for hundreds of killings during the 70s. Triple A’s crimes were branded as crimes against humanity in 2006.

Sosa faces prison terms that range between three and fifteen years if convicted.

For more information, please see:

El Clarin – Arrancó el proceso de extradición del represor detenido en España - 24 July 2009

Latin American Herald Tribune - Argentine Torture Suspect Arrested in Spain - 24 July 2009

Las Provincias - Un policía de la dictadura argentina acusado de secuestros y torturas se ocultaba en Valencia - 25 July 2009

El Diario Exterior - Detenido en Valencia un ex policía argentino acusado de torturas durante la dictadura – 24 July 2009

Opposition: Chavez Abuses Power As He Tightens Grip on Venezuela

By Mario A. Flores
Impunity Watch Reporter, South America

CARACAS, Venezuela – A Venezuelan delegation headed by the mayor of Caracas, Antonio Ledezma, traveled to Washington, D.C. this week to meet with the Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS), Jose Miguel Insulza, and with officials from the Obama administration.

The delegation denounces that constitutional and democratic rights are constantly violated by the Chavez regime as his grip on Venezuela grows.

Ledezma, accompanied by opposition governors Pablo Perez Alvarez, of the State of Zulia and Cesar Perez Vivas, of the State of Tachira held a press conference on Monday at the Council of the Americas, a prominent business organization, before meeting with Insulza on Tuesday.

Ledezma was elected mayor of the capital last November beating Chavez’s candidate. After the elections, Chavez swiftly steamrolled the National Assembly into passing a new law changing the status of Caracas to a Capital District under his authority. Chavez then appointed a new “chief of government” above Ledezma.

The mayor charges that he has been stripped of authority over all assets that were once managed under his office, including control of the Metropolitan Police, the Metropolitan fire brigade, health facilities, social services, and funds.

Ledezma accused Chavez of undoing the will of the people and went on a six-day hunger strike. He called off the strike Wednesday last week after Insulza signaled that the OAS would look into claims that the Chavez administration violates human rights and democratic principles. There has been speculation as to what the Secretary General might specifically agree to since then.

According to Ledezma “the AOS cannot be a medical examiner that deals with dead democracies, but instead needs to prevent their casualty and that’s exactly what is being attempted in Venezuela, to kill our democracy.” 

“There is no separation of powers in Venezuela, the powers are not autonomous, they are under Chavez’s control one way or another,” the mayor said. “We have a president who uses democracy to destroy democracy.”

During the meeting with Insulza, the delegation presented numerous instances of violations of human rights and democratic principles in detail. These included attacks by the government on freedom of expression and private media, and the existence of political prisoners.

Ledezma and the governors said that Chavez is carrying out “constitutional fraud” and that it was time to act in a “preventive” manner before problems got out of hand and while there was “time to save Venezuelan democracy.”

But any hopes the opposition may have entertained that the OAS would quickly side with them in their claims against President Chavez appeared to suffer a setback on Tuesday.

After meeting with the delegation, Insulza said he was concerned by the level of confrontation in the country and suggested dialogue to resolve the conflicts. “Why don’t you talk, why don’t you discuss [things],” Insulza said.

Insulza said the meeting did not address “municipal, state, or national” issues since the OAS cannot comment on them and say whether “this is correct or this is wrong because that’s decided by the government or the courts.”

Insulza did appear to acknowledge the need for the OAS to step in and facilitate dialogue between the parties.

For more information, please see:

Latin American Herald Tribune - OAS Head Blows Cool on Venezuela Opposition Demands for OAS Action - 23 July 2009

ABC.es - Insulza pide el diálogo entre los venezolanos - 22 July 2009

El Universal - Caracas Mayor briefs Insulza about democracy in Venezuela – 21 July 2009

Miami Herald - Opositores venezolanos llevan denuncias a la OEA - 21 July 2009

The New York Times - State Ruled by Crime and Chávez Family - 21 July 2009

Nasdaq - Venezuelan Opposition Brings 'Abuse Of Power' Charge To OAS – 20 July 2009

Watch the press conference at the Council of the Americas

Former Venezuelan Defense Minister Charged

By Don Anque
Impunity Watch Reporter, South America

CARACAS, Venezuela - Venezuelan government prosecutors have charged a former defense minister with crimes allegedly committed two decades ago during riots known as the “Caracazo” in the Venezuela capital city of Caracas.  

Prosecutors say they have charged the retired General Italo del Valle Aliegro with ordering murders and violating international agreements during the 1989 unrest over hikes in gasoline prices and transportation fares. Del Valle Aliegro was defense minister under the former Venezuelan President Carlos Andres Perez during the riots.  

Del Valle Aliegro all the charges against him.  Del Valle Alliegro is accused of having played a role in ordering the violent repression of the protest. The protests were sparked by a series of economic restructuring measures, which included price rises on fuel and public transport.  The Venezuelan government released an official figure of 274 dead protestors. Some groups say as many as 3,000 people were killed.  

Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez often cites the “Caracazo” as one of the key events that led him to attempt a coup against the former Venezuelan President Carlos Andres Perez a few years later.  The attempted failed to remove the former president from power.  Amnesty International has urged the Venezuela to investigate accusations of human rights abuses during the riots in 1989.  There were also reports that police killed people in their homes during the riots.    

Amnesty International has recognized the need to restore order in Venezuela, but according to their letter to Del Valle Aliegro in 1989, the actions to restore order “cannot mitigate the concern over the complaints of unjustified civilian deaths during house searches and mistreatment of detainees.”  

For more information, please see:

BBC News - Former Venezuela minister charged – 18 July 2009

Associated Press - Venezuela charges ex-minister for 1989 riot deaths – 18 July 2009

NY Times - Venezuela Inquiry Urged on Abuses in Riots – 12 March 1989

Seized FARC Video Shows Alleged Guerrilla Ties to Ecuador President Correa

By Mario A. Flores
Impunity Watch Reporter, South America

QUITO, Ecuador – In May, the Colombian military seized a set of three laptops from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), which contain at least one video with evidence alleging that the guerrilla group contributed money to Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa’s first election campaign in 2006.

The computers were decrypted last week and this week, Colombia sent a copy of the video to the Organization of American States (OAS) and Interpol. But not before the Associated Press and the Colombian media made its contents public. Interpol has certified the video as authentic.

Colombian authorities say the information in the laptops proves links between the FARC and neighboring leftist governments of Venezuela and Ecuador.

One undated video shows top FARC leader, Jorge Briceño Suarez, known as "Mono Jojoy," confirming the death of the Marxist organization's leader and founder, Manuel "Sureshot" Marulanda, who passed away in late March 2008.

Briceño Suarez also reads a manifesto that Marulanda apparently wrote just before his death, and discuses information concerning apparent FARC links to Correa's leftist government.

The top commander refers to “assistance in dollars to Correa’s campaign and subsequent discussions with his envoys, including some agreements.”

"Colombia has handed the material over to the OAS to analyze the situation and act according to its mandate," Colombian presidential spokesman Cesar Velasquez told Reuters.

President Correa of Ecuador immediately denied allegations that he received election funds from the Marxist FARC rebels. He said evidence had been fabricated to destabilize his left-wing government, and asked his country's civil commission to investigate the allegations, to see "if the Ecuadorean government, if his political party has received 20 cents from any foreign group, not just from the FARC."

The leftist president said that during the campaign, some opponents accused him of receiving money from leftist Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, from drug cartels and from the FARC. "They just don't know what else to say," Correa said.

 Presidents Chavez, Correa and Morales

The release of the video to the media seems certain to worsen already deeply strained relations between Bogota and Quito, whose spat dates back to a Colombian military airstrike of a FARC base in Ecuador's side of the border in March 2008.

Correa, who first took office in early 2007 and was re-elected by landslide earlier this year, cut off diplomatic ties with Colombia over the attack.

The bombing killed FARC No. 2 Raul Reyes and twenty five others, including several Mexican university students.

Colombia's President, Alvaro Uribe, accuses Ecuador of not doing enough to help combat the FARC while Correa says Colombia is using the video to try to destabilize his progressive government.

The video of "Mono Jojoy" was released as Ecuador announced this week that it will impose tariffs on more than 1,600 imported products from Colombia and an Ecuadorean judge issued an arrest order for Colombia's former defense minister for ordering last year's raid on the guerrilla camp in Ecuador.

For more information, please see:

El Mercurio - Guerra de aranceles eleva la temperatura de las relaciones entre Ecuador y Colombia - 20 July 2009

Latin American Herald Tribune - Seized FARC Recordings Show Colombia Rebel Links to Ecuador President Correa – 20 July 2009

CNN - Ecuador's leader hotly denies FARC gave him Money – 19 July 2009

Reuters - Colombia sends Ecuador FARC video to OAS, Interpol – 19 July 2009

BBC News - Ecuador leader denies Farc funds – 19 July 2009

Watch the Video: Mono Jojoy asegura que Correa recibió dólares para campaña electoral

Chinese Firm Accused Of Paying Off Colombian Terrorists

By Mario A. Flores
Impunity Watch Reporter, South America

BOGOTA, Colombia – Oscar Lizcano, a former Colombian senator who was kidnapped and held hostage by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) for eight years, claims helicopters belonging to the Bureau Geophysical Processing (BGP), a subsidiary of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), visited the guerrilla group at least seven times.

"The purpose of these visits was nothing other than to reach an agreement over a millionaire contribution on the part of the multinational to bring supplies and medical assistance to the guerrilla group," Lizcano claims.

According to Lizcano, the Chinese helicopters transported “physicians, medicine, food, and even rebels” as well as local mayors and farmers.

If true, this would not be the first corporate entity accused of cooperating with Colombian rebels. Chiquita Brands International has been linked to the FARC and the United Self Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), both terrorist groups.

Lizcano was kidnapped in 2000 from his home town in western Riosucio. The ex senator escaped with the aid of a deserter last October and wrote a book about his experiences.

The book, “Years of Silence,” goes beyond narrating life in a FARC camp. Lizcano investigates and analyzes the FARC and its present condition.

The former professor and lecturer on Marxism taped more than 120 hours of conversations with demobilized guerrillas who were his jailers and who became his friends. He based much of his book on these post-escape interviews, as well as on information gathered from military intelligence.

Lizcano said the Chinese flights started in 2006 when “oddly enough, the area was under military siege and President Uribe’s security policy was in full force.”

“I investigated not only the demobilized rebels who received assistance from that Chinese multinational but also those who were transported in the helicopters,” he said.

Lizcano argues in his book that the guerrilla group has fallen behind and that there is a “political schism” between the high command and the rank and file, who are poor and uneducated and not politically aware.

“I don’t think the FARC is as close to taking over power as they pretend,” he said, while adding that “the state will never defeat the FARC militarily.” “The solution to a lasting peace lies in dialogue,” he said.

The rebel who helped Lizcano escape, Wilson Bueno Largo, known as “Isaza,” is currently living in Paris after receiving a reward of half a million dollars from the Colombian government. He has undergone several plastic surgeries.

Colombia, the U.S. and the E.U. list the FARC as a terrorist organization.

For more information, please see:

El Heraldo - Petrolera estatal china pagó soborno a las Farc para poder explorar – 17 July 2009

Latin American Herald Tribune - Ex-Hostage Says Chinese Firm Provided Logistical Support to FARC – 15 July 2009

La Nacion - Colombia: ex rehén liga a China con las Farc – 15 July 2009

Colombia Reports - China bribed FARC to use land: ex hostage – 29 June 2009

Planetdata - Former Hostage Claims Chinese Firm Gave Support to Farc - 16 July 2009

U.S. Department of State - Foreign Terrorist Organizations